Grand challenges refer to the major issues or problems within a particular research area that require innovative and interdisciplinary solutions. These challenges are often complex, multifaceted, and critical to the advancement of science and technology. Researchers working on grand challenges aim to address societal problems and make significant contributions to their field. Examples of grand challenges include addressing climate change, developing sustainable energy sources, curing diseases, and advancing artificial intelligence. These challenges require collaboration, creativity, and long-term commitment to achieve meaningful progress and solutions.